A review on tele-manipulators for remote diagnostic procedures and surgery

With modern medicine and healthcare services improving in leaps bounds, the integration of telemedicine has helped expanding these specialised to remote locations. Healthcare telerobotic systems form a component telemedicine, which allows medical intervention from distance. It been nearly 40 years since robotic technology, PUMA 560, was introduced perform stereotaxic biopsy brain. The use telemanipulators for surgical procedures began around 1995, with Aesop, Zeus, da Vinci surgery systems. Since then, utilisation robots steadily increased diverse disciplines, clinical diagnosis telesurgery. telemanipulator system functions master–slave protocol mode, doctor operating master system, aided by audio-visual haptic feedback. Based on control commands master, slave manipulator, interacts directly patient. eliminates requirement be physically present spatial vicinity patient virtually bringing expert-guided them. Post Covid-19 pandemic, an exponential surge observed. This study aims organised review state-of-the-art used diagnostic surgeries, highlighting their challenges scope future research development.